Peptide Record

Thymosin beta-4 · Musculoskeletal & tissue · graded 2026-07-30

Wound healing

This grade describes how much evidence exists for Thymosin beta-4 against wound healing — not whether it works, and not whether it is safe. It is computed from the inputs below by a fixed rule with no editorial adjustment.

Why this grade

Not hidden behind a control — showing the work is the point
Score decomposition — every input and its contribution
ComponentPointsScale
Best study type
The strongest design that produced evidence for this outcome, not the average design.
+5Human RCT 5 · Human observational 4 · Animal 2 · Preclinical 1 · None 0
Largest human sample
Largest single human study, not a pooled total across studies.
0n ≥ 200 → 3 · 50–199 → 2 · < 50 → 1 · no human study → 0
Independent replication
Distinct research groups at the best study tier above, resolved through author and institution records.
+1≥ 3 groups → 3 · 2 → 2 · 1 → 1 · 0 → 0
Directional consistency
Share of studies at the best study tier reporting effect in the same direction — the same studies the replication row counts, not every record on the pair.
Measured over 0 stated directions across 1 study at the best tier. A ratio over three readings and the same ratio over ninety are the same number and are not the same evidence.
0≥ 90% concordant → 3 · ≥ 70% → 2 · ≥ 50% → 1 · below → 0 · fewer than 3 readings → 0
Bias risk
A deduction, never a bonus. A flag is counted only where a record states one; silence is not a pass and is not a flag.
0−1 per flag, floor −3: industry funding · no preregistration · no blinding
Total6Sum of the rows above, floored at 0.
What the bias row had to work with — how many of this pair’s records disclosed each field at all
FieldFlag statedStated the oppositeNot statedSilent
industry_funded
industry-funded deducts a point; declared non-commercial does not; silence does neither.
0056100%
preregistered
not preregistered deducts a point; preregistered does not; silence does neither.
0056100%
blinded
not blinded deducts a point; blinded does not; silence does neither.
015598%

Grade A additionally requires a total of at least 11 and replication of at least 2: a high score carried by one research group is not replicated evidence, however large the trial.

Doses administered in studies

Sourced figures, not a protocol

Studied doses — not yet collected

Dose, route and n are extracted from study full text, and full text is paywalled for most records in this corpus. No dose has been extracted for this pair yet. Read that as an extraction gap, not as evidence that the studies below administered nothing.

This is a gap in our collection, not a finding about studied doses. Read it as “we have not looked yet”, never as “there is nothing there”. How extraction works and where it fails

Cited sources

56 records · ordered by source hierarchy

These are the records the grade above was computed from — the same set, by the same rule, read from one definition shared with the grader. Records attributed to an alias for a materially different product are not among them; where this pair has any, they are listed separately below.

  • HUMAN-TRIAL1
  • ANIMAL12
  • PRECLINICAL43
SourceStudyDesignnBias flagsDate
HUMAN-TRIALThymosin beta-4 and venous ulcers: clinical remarks on a European prospective, randomized study on safety, tolerability, and enhancement on healing.
PMID 17495250 · DOI 10.1196/annals.1415.003 · matched on "Tbeta4"
human-rct—none stated2007-09-01
ANIMALCloning, Expression and Effects of P. americana Thymosin on Wound Healing.
PMID 31590392 · DOI 10.3390/ijms20194932 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2019-10-05
ANIMALControlled release of thymosin beta 4 using a collagen-chitosan sponge scaffold augments cutaneous wound healing and increases angiogenesis in diabetic rats with hindlimb ischemia.
PMID 25204972 · DOI 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0750 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2015-02-01
ANIMALThymosin beta4 attenuates microcirculatory and hemodynamic destabilization in sepsis.
PMID 25604254 · DOI 10.1517/14712598.2015.1006193 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2015-01-01
ANIMALEffects of thymosin beta4 on wound healing of rat palatal mucosa.
PMID 24993983 · DOI 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1832 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2014-09-01
ANIMALOmental grafting: a cell-based therapy for blood vessel repair.
PMID 22318999 · DOI 10.1002/term.528 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2013-06-01
ANIMALThe Escherichia coli-derived thymosin beta4 concatemer promotes cell proliferation and healing wound in mice.
PMID 23762829 · DOI 10.1155/2013/241721 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2013-01-01
ANIMALThymosin beta4 mobilizes mesothelial cells for blood vessel repair.
PMID 23045980 · DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06713.x · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated2012-10-01
ANIMALThe use of angiogenic-antimicrobial agents in experimental wounds in animals: problems and solutions.
PMID 23050814 · DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06653.x · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2012-10-01
ANIMALPromoting effects of thymosin beta4 on granulation tissue and new bone formation after tooth extraction in rats.
PMID 22732845 · DOI 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.05.025 · matched on "TB4"
animal—none stated2012-07-01
ANIMALThymosin-beta4 modulates corneal matrix metalloproteinase levels and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration after alkali injury.
PMID 15980226 · DOI 10.1167/iovs.04-1368 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2005-07-01
ANIMALThymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair.
PMID 15565145 · DOI 10.1038/nature03000 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated2004-11-25
ANIMALCo-ordinate regulation of the cytoskeleton in 3T3 cells overexpressing thymosin-beta4.
PMID 9331222 · DOI 10.1002/(sici)1097-0169(1997)38:2<187::aid-cm7>3.0.co;2-4 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated1997-01-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 and Actin: Binding Modes, Biological Functions and Clinical Applications.
PMID 36464872 · DOI 10.2174/1389203724666221201093500 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2023-01-01
PRECLINICAL[Research advances on thymosin beta4 in promoting wound healing].
PMID 35462518 · DOI 10.3760/cma.j.cn501120-20210221-00059 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2022-04-20
PRECLINICALAn Overview on Functional and Structural Properties of Monomeric and Multimeric beta-Thymosin in Invertebrates.
PMID 34749603 · DOI 10.2174/0929866528666211105113307 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2022-01-01
PRECLINICALIn-silico Screening of Phytoconstituents on Wound Healing Targets - Approaches and Current Status.
PMID 34847843 · DOI 10.2174/1570163819666211130141442 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2022-01-01
PRECLINICALEffects of Thymosin beta4 on Myocardial Apoptosis in Burned Rats.
PMID 35281544 · DOI 10.1155/2022/2129629 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2022-01-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4-Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Mouse Ischemic Hindlimb Model.
PMID 32245208 · DOI 10.3390/ijms21062166 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2020-03-21
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 promotes endothelial progenitor cell angiogenesis via a vascular endothelial growth factor‑dependent mechanism.
PMID 29956769 · DOI 10.3892/mmr.2018.9199 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2018-08-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta 4 and the eye: the journey from bench to bedside.
PMID 30063853 · DOI 10.1080/14712598.2018.1486818 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2018-07-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 has a major role in dermal burn wound healing that involves actin cytoskeletal remodelling via heat-shock protein 70.
PMID 25921810 · DOI 10.1002/term.2028 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2017-04-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 Promotes Dermal Healing.
PMID 27450738 · DOI 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.005 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2016-01-01
PRECLINICALA Tobacco-Derived Thymosin beta4 Concatemer Promotes Cell Proliferation and Wound Healing in Mice.
PMID 27493953 · DOI 10.1155/2016/1973413 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2016-01-01
PRECLINICALPrimary Mechanisms of Thymosin beta4 Repair Activity in Dry Eye Disorders and Other Tissue Injuries.
PMID 26241398 · DOI 10.1167/iovs.15-16890 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2015-08-01
PRECLINICALAdvances in the basic and clinical applications of thymosin beta4.
PMID 26096726 · DOI 10.1517/14712598.2015.1011617 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2015-01-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 significantly reduces the signs of dryness in a murine controlled adverse environment model of experimental dry eye.
PMID 26096547 · DOI 10.1517/14712598.2015.1019858 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2015-01-01
PRECLINICALA novel dimeric thymosin beta 4 with enhanced activities accelerates the rate of wound healing.
PMID 24109178 · DOI 10.2147/dddt.s50183 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2013-01-01
PRECLINICALThe regenerative peptide thymosin beta4 accelerates the rate of dermal healing in preclinical animal models and in patients.
PMID 23050815 · DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06717.x · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2012-10-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4: a potential novel dry eye therapy.
PMID 23050816 · DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06682.x · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2012-10-01
PRECLINICALCardiac repair with thymosin beta4 and cardiac reprogramming factors.
PMID 23050819 · DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06696.x · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2012-10-01
PRECLINICALEvaluation of thymosin beta4 in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in urothelial carcinoma.
PMID 20864366 · DOI 10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.02.009 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2012-03-01
PRECLINICALMultiplexed molecular descriptors of pressure ulcers defined by imaging mass spectrometry.
PMID 22092844 · DOI 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2011.00738.x · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2011-11-01
PRECLINICALRegenerative protein thymosin beta-4 is a novel regulator of purinergic signaling.
PMID 21106936 · DOI 10.1096/fj.10-169417 · matched on "Tbeta4"
preclinical—none stated2011-03-01
PRECLINICALIn vitro and in vivo pro-angiogenic effects of thymosin-beta4-derived peptides.
PMID 21872226 · DOI 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.07.008 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2011-01-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 and cardiac repair.
PMID 20536454 · DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05468.x · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2010-04-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 facilitates epicardial neovascularization of the injured adult heart.
PMID 20536455 · DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05478.x · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2010-04-01
PRECLINICALTreatment of chronic nonhealing neurotrophic corneal epithelial defects with thymosin beta4.
PMID 20536469 · DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05471.x · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2010-04-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4: structure, function, and biological properties supporting current and future clinical applications.
PMID 20536467 · DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05492.x · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2010-04-01
PRECLINICALProgression of ocular sulfur mustard injury: development of a model system.
PMID 20536452 · DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05491.x · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2010-04-01
PRECLINICALEpidermolysis bullosa: a genetic disease of altered cell adhesion and wound healing, and the possible clinical utility of topically applied thymosin beta4.
PMID 17468231 · DOI 10.1196/annals.1415.017 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2007-09-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta 4 induces hair growth via stem cell migration and differentiation.
PMID 17947589 · DOI 10.1196/annals.1415.009 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2007-09-01
PRECLINICALDetermination of thymosin beta4 and protein in human wound fluid after abdominal surgery.
PMID 17495244 · DOI 10.1196/annals.1415.023 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2007-09-01
PRECLINICALPressure ulcers: a role for thymosin beta4.
PMID 17600283 · DOI 10.1196/annals.1415.049 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2007-09-01
PRECLINICALBiomedicine. Thymosins: clinical promise after a decades-long search.
PMID 17478695 · DOI 10.1126/science.316.5825.682 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2007-05-04
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 and angiogenesis: modes of action and therapeutic potential.
PMID 17632766 · DOI 10.1007/s10456-007-9077-x · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2007-01-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues.
PMID 16099219 · DOI 10.1016/j.molmed.2005.07.004 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2005-09-01
PRECLINICALRegenerative medicine: Prometheus unbound.
PMID 15565135 · DOI 10.1038/432451a · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2004-11-25
PRECLINICALNuclear localisation of the G-actin sequestering peptide thymosin beta4.
PMID 15466884 · DOI 10.1242/jcs.01404 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2004-10-15
PRECLINICALThe thymosins. Prothymosin alpha, parathymosin, and beta-thymosins: structure and function.
PMID 12852257 · DOI 10.1016/s0083-6729(03)01007-0 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2003-01-01
PRECLINICALbeta-Thymosins, small acidic peptides with multiple functions.
PMID 11311852 · DOI 10.1016/s1357-2725(00)00087-x · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2001-03-01
PRECLINICAL[The modern approach to wound treatment].
PMID 11214479 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2000-07-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing.
PMID 10469335 · DOI 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00708.x · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated1999-09-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta 4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
PMID 9194528 · DOI 10.1096/fasebj.11.6.9194528 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated1997-05-01
PRECLINICALBiochemical and antibacterial analysis of human wound and blister fluid.
PMID 8620898 · DOI 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0086n.x · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1996-04-01
PRECLINICALThe interaction of actin with thymosin beta 4.
PMID 1527213 · DOI 10.1007/bf01766454 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1992-06-01

Rows are ordered by source hierarchy, so nothing below a regulatory filing appears above a human trial. A field marked uncertain is one where the extraction passes disagreed; it publishes as unknown rather than as a picked winner. A design reading “not determined” is a design nothing established, not a design of none. Explore the full corpus for Thymosin beta-4

Also collected, and not part of this grade

4 records · contributed nothing
SourceStudyDesignnBias flagsDate
PRECLINICALTherapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.
PMID 41490200 · DOI 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-25-00236 · matched on "TB 500"
not determined—none stated2026-01-01
PRECLINICALAlkaline Phosphatase-Triggered Spatiotemporal Repair of Corneal Injury with TB500 Peptide Hydrogel.
PMID 41359360 · DOI 10.1021/acsami.5c14652 · matched on "TB500"
not determined—none stated2025-12-17
PRECLINICALEngineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing.
PMID 41235866 · DOI 10.1167/iovs.66.14.31 · matched on "RGN-259"
not determined—none stated2025-11-03
PRECLINICALSimultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro.
PMID 38382158 · DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124033 · matched on "TB 500"
not determined—none stated2024-03-01