Peptide Record

Thymosin beta-4 · Aging & appearance · graded 2026-07-30

Skin appearance & aging

This grade describes how much evidence exists for Thymosin beta-4 against skin appearance & aging — not whether it works, and not whether it is safe. It is computed from the inputs below by a fixed rule with no editorial adjustment.

Why this grade

Not hidden behind a control — showing the work is the point
Score decomposition — every input and its contribution
ComponentPointsScale
Best study type
The strongest design that produced evidence for this outcome, not the average design.
+2Human RCT 5 · Human observational 4 · Animal 2 · Preclinical 1 · None 0
Largest human sample
Largest single human study, not a pooled total across studies.
0n ≥ 200 → 3 · 50–199 → 2 · < 50 → 1 · no human study → 0
Independent replication
Distinct research groups at the best study tier above, resolved through author and institution records.
+3≥ 3 groups → 3 · 2 → 2 · 1 → 1 · 0 → 0
Directional consistency
Share of studies at the best study tier reporting effect in the same direction — the same studies the replication row counts, not every record on the pair.
Measured over 5 stated directions across 15 studies at the best tier. A ratio over three readings and the same ratio over ninety are the same number and are not the same evidence.
+3≥ 90% concordant → 3 · ≥ 70% → 2 · ≥ 50% → 1 · below → 0 · fewer than 3 readings → 0
Bias risk
A deduction, never a bonus. A flag is counted only where a record states one; silence is not a pass and is not a flag.
0−1 per flag, floor −3: industry funding · no preregistration · no blinding
Total8Sum of the rows above, floored at 0.
What the bias row had to work with — how many of this pair’s records disclosed each field at all
FieldFlag statedStated the oppositeNot statedSilent
industry_funded
industry-funded deducts a point; declared non-commercial does not; silence does neither.
0037100%
preregistered
not preregistered deducts a point; preregistered does not; silence does neither.
0037100%
blinded
not blinded deducts a point; blinded does not; silence does neither.
0037100%

Grade A additionally requires a total of at least 11 and replication of at least 2: a high score carried by one research group is not replicated evidence, however large the trial.

Doses administered in studies

Sourced figures, not a protocol

Studied doses — not yet collected

Dose, route and n are extracted from study full text, and full text is paywalled for most records in this corpus. No dose has been extracted for this pair yet. Read that as an extraction gap, not as evidence that the studies below administered nothing.

This is a gap in our collection, not a finding about studied doses. Read it as “we have not looked yet”, never as “there is nothing there”. How extraction works and where it fails

Cited sources

37 records · ordered by source hierarchy

These are the records the grade above was computed from — the same set, by the same rule, read from one definition shared with the grader. Records attributed to an alias for a materially different product are not among them; where this pair has any, they are listed separately below.

  • ANIMAL15
  • PRECLINICAL22
SourceStudyDesignnBias flagsDate
ANIMALThymosin beta4 and the anti-fibrotic switch.
PMID 36580759 · DOI 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109628 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2023-02-01
ANIMALGerminal peptide eye drop promotes corneal epithelial and stromal defect healing in rabbit model.
PMID 35389769 · DOI 10.1080/08820538.2022.2053726 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated2022-07-04
ANIMALThymosin beta4 is essential for adherens junction stability and epidermal planar cell polarity.
PMID 33310787 · DOI 10.1242/dev.193425 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated2020-12-11
ANIMALTbeta4 suppresses lincRNA-p21-mediated hepatic apoptosis and fibrosis by inhibiting PI3K-AKT-NF-kappaB pathway.
PMID 32649978 · DOI 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144946 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2020-10-20
ANIMALTbeta4-overexpression based on the piggyBac transposon system in cashmere goats alters hair fiber characteristics.
PMID 27900536 · DOI 10.1007/s11248-016-9988-7 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2017-02-01
ANIMALPreventive and therapeutic effects of thymosin beta4 N-terminal fragment Ac-SDKP in the bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis.
PMID 27029074 · DOI 10.18632/oncotarget.8409 · matched on "Thymosin β4"
animal—none stated2016-06-07
ANIMALThymosin beta4 and its degradation product, Ac-SDKP, are novel reparative factors in renal fibrosis.
PMID 23739235 · DOI 10.1038/ki.2013.209 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2013-12-01
ANIMALControlled release of thymosin beta4 from injected collagen-chitosan hydrogels promotes angiogenesis and prevents tissue loss after myocardial infarction.
PMID 22817626 · DOI 10.2217/rme.12.35 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2012-07-01
ANIMALIn vivo reprogramming of murine cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes.
PMID 22522929 · DOI 10.1038/nature11044 · matched on "Thymosin b4"
animal—none stated2012-05-31
ANIMALTransforming growth factor beta-induced (TGFBI) is an anti-adhesive protein regulating the invasive growth of melanoma cells.
PMID 22326753 · DOI 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.12.035 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated2012-04-01
ANIMALControlled release of thymosin beta4 using collagen-chitosan composite hydrogels promotes epicardial cell migration and angiogenesis.
PMID 21663777 · DOI 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.05.026 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2011-11-07
ANIMALProlyl oligopeptidase induces angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo in a novel regulatory manner.
PMID 21133893 · DOI 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01146.x · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2011-08-01
ANIMALThymosin beta4 enhances repair by organizing connective tissue and preventing the appearance of myofibroblasts.
PMID 20536458 · DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05483.x · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2010-04-01
ANIMALDecreased endogenous levels of Ac-SDKP promote organ fibrosis.
PMID 17470726 · DOI 10.1161/hypertensionaha.106.084103 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated2007-07-01
ANIMALSurfactant sodium lauryl sulfate enhances skin vaccination: molecular characterization via a novel technique using ultrafiltration capillaries and mass spectrometric proteomics.
PMID 16316979 · DOI 10.1074/mcp.m500259-mcp200 · matched on "Thymosin β4"
animal—none stated2006-03-01
PRECLINICALInhaled exogenous thymosin beta 4 suppresses bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice via TGF-beta1 signalling pathway.
PMID 39579076 · DOI 10.1093/jpp/rgae143 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2025-04-03
PRECLINICALThymosin beta 4: A potential novel adjunct treatment for bacterial keratitis.
PMID 37018981 · DOI 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109953 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2023-05-01
PRECLINICALProteomic characterisation of prostate cancer intercellular communication reveals cell type-selective signalling and TMSB4X-dependent fibroblast reprogramming.
PMID 36169805 · DOI 10.1007/s13402-022-00719-z · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated2022-12-01
PRECLINICALMetallacarboranes as a tool for enhancing the activity of therapeutic peptides.
PMID 31407357 · DOI 10.1111/nyas.14201 · matched on "Tbeta4"
preclinical—none stated2019-12-01
PRECLINICALIntradermal injections of a hair growth factor formulation for enhancement of human hair regrowth - safety and efficacy evaluation in a first-in-man pilot clinical study.
PMID 29482481 · DOI 10.1080/14764172.2018.1439965 · matched on "Thymosin β4"
not determined—none stated2018-10-01
PRECLINICALBacterial expression, purification and angiogenesis-promoting activity of human thymosin beta4.
PMID 23769831 · DOI 10.1016/j.pep.2013.06.003 · matched on "Tbeta4"
preclinical—none stated2013-08-01
PRECLINICALProteomic analysis of primary colon cancer-associated fibroblasts using the SELDI-ProteinChip platform.
PMID 22374607 · DOI 10.1631/jzus.b1100266 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated2012-03-01
PRECLINICALWhole blood, flow-chamber studies in real-time indicate a biphasic role for thymosin beta-4 in platelet adhesion.
PMID 20797426 · DOI 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.08.003 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2010-12-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta 4 expression in normal skin, colon mucosa and in tumor infiltrating mast cells.
PMID 20353910 · DOI 10.4081/ejh.2010.e3 · matched on "Tbeta4"
preclinical—none stated2010-02-16
PRECLINICALIdentification of integrins alpha6 and beta7 as c-Jun- and transformation-relevant genes in highly invasive fibrosarcoma cells.
PMID 19405119 · DOI 10.1002/ijc.24391 · matched on "Thymosin β4"
preclinical—none stated2009-09-01
PRECLINICALRecombinant thymosin beta 4 can promote full-thickness cutaneous wound healing.
PMID 17923415 · DOI 10.1016/j.pep.2007.08.011 · matched on "TB4"
not determined—none stated2007-12-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 triggers an epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal carcinoma by upregulating integrin-linked kinase.
PMID 17072345 · DOI 10.1038/sj.onc.1210078 · matched on "Tbeta4"
preclinical—none stated2007-04-26
PRECLINICALConjunctival expression of thymosin-beta4 in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
PMID 17200658 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2006-12-20
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 is a determinant of the transformed phenotype and invasiveness of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase-transfected fibroblasts.
PMID 16423999 · DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2421 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated2006-01-15
PRECLINICAL[Expression of thymosin beta 4 mRNA expression in keloid tissues and fibroblasts cultured from keloid and its significance].
PMID 15698487 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated2005-02-01
PRECLINICALContribution of Ena/VASP proteins to intracellular motility of listeria requires phosphorylation and proline-rich core but not F-actin binding or multimerization.
PMID 12134077 · DOI 10.1091/mbc.e02-01-0058 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2002-07-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 is released from human blood platelets and attached by factor XIIIa (transglutaminase) to fibrin and collagen.
PMID 11978733 · DOI 10.1096/fj.01-0713com · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2002-05-01
PRECLINICALSequestered actin in chick embryo fibroblasts.
PMID 10942202 · DOI 10.1023/a:1007025602110 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2000-06-01
PRECLINICALPolyamine depletion alters the relationship of F-actin, G-actin, and thymosin beta4 in migrating IEC-6 cells.
PMID 9950774 · DOI 10.1152/ajpcell.1999.276.2.c459 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated1999-02-01
PRECLINICALMatrigel induces thymosin beta 4 gene in differentiating endothelial cells.
PMID 8719875 · DOI 10.1242/jcs.108.12.3685 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated1995-12-01
PRECLINICALRegulation of thymosin beta 4 mRNA levels during cell proliferation.
PMID 7534483 · DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1995.tb00057.x · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1995-02-01
PRECLINICALEffects of thymosin beta 4 and thymosin beta 10 on actin structures in living cells.
PMID 8194107 · DOI 10.1002/cm.970270103 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1994-01-01

Rows are ordered by source hierarchy, so nothing below a regulatory filing appears above a human trial. A field marked uncertain is one where the extraction passes disagreed; it publishes as unknown rather than as a picked winner. A design reading “not determined” is a design nothing established, not a design of none. Explore the full corpus for Thymosin beta-4