Peptide Record

Thymosin beta-4 · Aging & appearance · graded 2026-07-30

Longevity & cellular aging

This grade describes how much evidence exists for Thymosin beta-4 against longevity & cellular aging — not whether it works, and not whether it is safe. It is computed from the inputs below by a fixed rule with no editorial adjustment.

Why this grade

Not hidden behind a control — showing the work is the point
Score decomposition — every input and its contribution
ComponentPointsScale
Best study type
The strongest design that produced evidence for this outcome, not the average design.
+2Human RCT 5 · Human observational 4 · Animal 2 · Preclinical 1 · None 0
Largest human sample
Largest single human study, not a pooled total across studies.
0n ≥ 200 → 3 · 50–199 → 2 · < 50 → 1 · no human study → 0
Independent replication
Distinct research groups at the best study tier above, resolved through author and institution records.
+3≥ 3 groups → 3 · 2 → 2 · 1 → 1 · 0 → 0
Directional consistency
Share of studies at the best study tier reporting effect in the same direction — the same studies the replication row counts, not every record on the pair.
Measured over 3 stated directions across 15 studies at the best tier. A ratio over three readings and the same ratio over ninety are the same number and are not the same evidence.
+3≥ 90% concordant → 3 · ≥ 70% → 2 · ≥ 50% → 1 · below → 0 · fewer than 3 readings → 0
Bias risk
A deduction, never a bonus. A flag is counted only where a record states one; silence is not a pass and is not a flag.
0−1 per flag, floor −3: industry funding · no preregistration · no blinding
Total8Sum of the rows above, floored at 0.
What the bias row had to work with — how many of this pair’s records disclosed each field at all
FieldFlag statedStated the oppositeNot statedSilent
industry_funded
industry-funded deducts a point; declared non-commercial does not; silence does neither.
0037100%
preregistered
not preregistered deducts a point; preregistered does not; silence does neither.
0037100%
blinded
not blinded deducts a point; blinded does not; silence does neither.
0037100%

Grade A additionally requires a total of at least 11 and replication of at least 2: a high score carried by one research group is not replicated evidence, however large the trial.

Doses administered in studies

Sourced figures, not a protocol

Studied doses — not yet collected

Dose, route and n are extracted from study full text, and full text is paywalled for most records in this corpus. No dose has been extracted for this pair yet. Read that as an extraction gap, not as evidence that the studies below administered nothing.

This is a gap in our collection, not a finding about studied doses. Read it as “we have not looked yet”, never as “there is nothing there”. How extraction works and where it fails

Cited sources

37 records · ordered by source hierarchy

These are the records the grade above was computed from — the same set, by the same rule, read from one definition shared with the grader. Records attributed to an alias for a materially different product are not among them; where this pair has any, they are listed separately below.

  • HUMAN-TRIAL1
  • ANIMAL15
  • PRECLINICAL21
SourceStudyDesignnBias flagsDate
HUMAN-TRIALDistribution of thymic hormones in thymic tumors and myasthenic thymus.
PMID 8765340 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
human-observational44none stated1996-01-01
ANIMALEpimedin C promotes mitochondrial transfer and delays thymus atrophy in 4-VCD induced mimetic-menopausal mice.
PMID 39919331 · DOI 10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156452 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2025-04-01
ANIMALShort-chain chlorinated paraffins may induce thymic aging in mice by activating PERK-CHOP.
PMID 38942270 · DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124438 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2024-09-15
ANIMAL[Structural changes and functional evaluation of the thymus in aging mouse induced by D-galactose].
PMID 36163621 · matched on "Thymosin β4"
animal—none stated2022-10-01
ANIMALAdjunctive Thymosin Beta-4 Treatment Influences PMN Effector Cell Function during Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Corneal Infection.
PMID 34944086 · DOI 10.3390/cells10123579 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2021-12-18
ANIMALThe Protective Effects of Thymosin-beta-4 in a Rat Model of Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury.
PMID 31702404 · DOI 10.1080/08941939.2019.1672841 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2021-06-01
ANIMALProtective Effect of Thymosin beta4 against Abdominal Aortic Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats.
PMID 31121838 · DOI 10.3390/medicina55050187 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2019-05-22
ANIMALEffects of thymosin beta4 on oxygen‑glucose deprivation and reoxygenation‑induced injury.
PMID 29328391 · DOI 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3369 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2018-03-01
ANIMALEye development in the Cape dune mole rat.
PMID 24570380 · DOI 10.1007/s00427-014-0468-x · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated2014-03-01
ANIMALIdentification of differentially expressed genes between fetal and adult mouse kidney: candidate gene in kidney development.
PMID 16340241 · DOI 10.1159/000090054 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2006-01-01
ANIMAL[Overexpression of thymosin beta4 in the cochlea of senescence-accelerated mouse].
PMID 15813012 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated2004-12-01
ANIMALA quantitative analysis of G-actin binding proteins and the G-actin pool in developing chick brain.
PMID 10095019 · DOI 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01147-6 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated1999-03-27
ANIMALQuantitative analysis of low molecular weight G-actin-binding proteins, cofilin, ADF and profilin, expressed in developing and degenerating chicken skeletal muscles.
PMID 8884601 · DOI 10.1007/bf00123362 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated1996-08-01
ANIMALAlterations in actin-binding beta-thymosin expression accompany neuronal differentiation and migration in rat cerebellum.
PMID 8245965 · DOI 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb07448.x · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated1993-12-01
ANIMALProminent expression of the actin-sequestering peptide Fx gene in the hippocampal region of rat brain.
PMID 8515877 · DOI 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90478-4 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated1993-04-02
ANIMALDevelopmental regulation of beta-thymosins in the rat central nervous system.
PMID 1988550 · DOI 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08172.x · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated1991-02-01
PRECLINICALMechanisms of Mitochondrial Transfer Through TNTs: From Organelle Dynamics to Cellular Crosstalk.
PMID 41226616 · DOI 10.3390/ijms262110581 · matched on "Thymosin β4"
not determined—none stated2025-10-30
PRECLINICALEnhancing fat graft survival: thymosin beta-4 facilitates mitochondrial transfer from ADSCs via tunneling nanotubes by upregulating the Rac/F-actin pathway.
PMID 39761767 · DOI 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.12.061 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2025-02-16
PRECLINICALThymosin beta-4 denotes new directions towards developing prosperous anti-aging regenerative therapies.
PMID 36709593 · DOI 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109741 · matched on "TB4"
not determined—none stated2023-03-01
PRECLINICALUtilizing Developmentally Essential Secreted Peptides Such as Thymosin Beta-4 to Remind the Adult Organs of Their Embryonic State-New Directions in Anti-Aging Regenerative Therapies.
PMID 34071596 · DOI 10.3390/cells10061343 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2021-05-28
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 promotes autophagy and repair via HIF-1alpha stabilization in chronic granulomatous disease.
PMID 31719116 · DOI 10.26508/lsa.201900432 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2019-12-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta 4-Induced Autophagy Increases Cholinergic Signaling in PrP (106-126)-Treated HT22 Cells.
PMID 30552633 · DOI 10.1007/s12640-018-9985-0 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2019-07-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 Reduces H(2)O(2) Induced Oxidative Stress in MC3T3-E1 Cells on Titanium Surface.
PMID 29448512 · DOI 10.1166/jnn.2018.14865 · matched on "Tbeta4"
preclinical—none stated2018-02-01
PRECLINICALPreventive Effects of Poloxamer 188 on Muscle Cell Damage Mechanics Under Oxidative Stress.
PMID 27650939 · DOI 10.1007/s10439-016-1733-0 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2017-04-01
PRECLINICALThymosin Beta-4 Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Enhances Human Nucleus Pulposus Cell Proliferation and Reduces Cell Apoptosis and Senescence.
PMID 26021512 · DOI 10.4103/0366-6999.157686 · matched on "TB4"
preclinical—none stated2015-06-05
PRECLINICALProlonging nephrogenesis in preterm infants: a new approach for prevention of kidney disease in adulthood?
PMID 25957420 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2015-05-01
PRECLINICALHypoxia/reoxygenation-experienced cancer cell migration and metastasis are regulated by Rap1- and Rac1-GTPase activation via the expression of thymosin beta-4.
PMID 25888632 · DOI 10.18632/oncotarget.3218 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2015-01-01
PRECLINICALThe anti-promyelocytic leukemia mode of action of two endophytic secondary metabolites unveiled by a proteomic approach.
PMID 24710897 · DOI 10.1055/s-0034-1368301 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated2014-04-01
PRECLINICAL[Protective effect of thymosin beta4 against oxidative damage in cultured rabbit corneal epithelial cells].
PMID 24246811 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2013-08-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 reduces senescence of endothelial progenitor cells via the PI3K/Akt/eNOS signal transduction pathway.
PMID 23151623 · DOI 10.3892/mmr.2012.1180 · matched on "Tbeta4"
preclinical—none stated2013-02-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta(4) knockdown disrupts mitochondrial functions of SW480 human colon cancer cells.
PMID 21668580 · DOI 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02002.x · matched on "Tbeta4"
preclinical—none stated2011-09-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta 4 prevents oxidative stress by targeting antioxidant and anti-apoptotic genes in cardiac fibroblasts.
PMID 22046407 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0026912 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2011-01-01
PRECLINICALProtection of thymosin beta-4 on corneal endothelial cells from UVB-induced apoptosis.
PMID 21793328 · DOI 10.4077/cjp.2010.amh091 · matched on "Tbeta4"
preclinical—none stated2010-06-30
PRECLINICALThymosin beta-4 upregulates anti-oxidative enzymes and protects human cornea epithelial cells against oxidative damage.
PMID 18480304 · DOI 10.1136/bjo.2007.136747 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated2008-07-01
PRECLINICALIdentification and quantification of thymosin beta4 in human saliva and tears.
PMID 17600285 · DOI 10.1196/annals.1415.046 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2007-09-01
PRECLINICALThymosin-beta4 inhibits corneal epithelial cell apoptosis after ethanol exposure in vitro.
PMID 15037574 · DOI 10.1167/iovs.03-1002 · matched on "Tbeta4"
preclinical—none stated2004-04-01
PRECLINICALDifferential expression of thymosin genes in human tumors and in the developing human kidney.
PMID 2071228 · DOI 10.1002/ijc.2910480507 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1991-07-09

Rows are ordered by source hierarchy, so nothing below a regulatory filing appears above a human trial. A field marked uncertain is one where the extraction passes disagreed; it publishes as unknown rather than as a picked winner. A design reading “not determined” is a design nothing established, not a design of none. Explore the full corpus for Thymosin beta-4