Peptide Record

Thymosin beta-4 · Immune · graded 2026-07-30

Inflammation

This grade describes how much evidence exists for Thymosin beta-4 against inflammation — not whether it works, and not whether it is safe. It is computed from the inputs below by a fixed rule with no editorial adjustment.

Why this grade

Not hidden behind a control — showing the work is the point
Score decomposition — every input and its contribution
ComponentPointsScale
Best study type
The strongest design that produced evidence for this outcome, not the average design.
+2Human RCT 5 · Human observational 4 · Animal 2 · Preclinical 1 · None 0
Largest human sample
Largest single human study, not a pooled total across studies.
0n ≥ 200 → 3 · 50–199 → 2 · < 50 → 1 · no human study → 0
Independent replication
Distinct research groups at the best study tier above, resolved through author and institution records.
+3≥ 3 groups → 3 · 2 → 2 · 1 → 1 · 0 → 0
Directional consistency
Share of studies at the best study tier reporting effect in the same direction — the same studies the replication row counts, not every record on the pair.
Measured over 5 stated directions across 16 studies at the best tier. A ratio over three readings and the same ratio over ninety are the same number and are not the same evidence.
+1≥ 90% concordant → 3 · ≥ 70% → 2 · ≥ 50% → 1 · below → 0 · fewer than 3 readings → 0
Bias risk
A deduction, never a bonus. A flag is counted only where a record states one; silence is not a pass and is not a flag.
0−1 per flag, floor −3: industry funding · no preregistration · no blinding
Total6Sum of the rows above, floored at 0.
What the bias row had to work with — how many of this pair’s records disclosed each field at all
FieldFlag statedStated the oppositeNot statedSilent
industry_funded
industry-funded deducts a point; declared non-commercial does not; silence does neither.
0057100%
preregistered
not preregistered deducts a point; preregistered does not; silence does neither.
0057100%
blinded
not blinded deducts a point; blinded does not; silence does neither.
0057100%

Grade A additionally requires a total of at least 11 and replication of at least 2: a high score carried by one research group is not replicated evidence, however large the trial.

Doses administered in studies

Sourced figures, not a protocol

Studied doses — not yet collected

Dose, route and n are extracted from study full text, and full text is paywalled for most records in this corpus. No dose has been extracted for this pair yet. Read that as an extraction gap, not as evidence that the studies below administered nothing.

This is a gap in our collection, not a finding about studied doses. Read it as “we have not looked yet”, never as “there is nothing there”. How extraction works and where it fails

Cited sources

57 records · ordered by source hierarchy

These are the records the grade above was computed from — the same set, by the same rule, read from one definition shared with the grader. Records attributed to an alias for a materially different product are not among them; where this pair has any, they are listed separately below.

  • HUMAN-TRIAL4
  • ANIMAL16
  • PRECLINICAL37
SourceStudyDesignnBias flagsDate
HUMAN-TRIALF-Actin is associated with a worsening qSOFA score and intensive care unit admission in emergency department patients at risk for sepsis.
PMID 32421363 · DOI 10.1080/1354750x.2020.1771419 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
human-observational203none stated2020-07-01
HUMAN-TRIALThe expression of thymosin beta4 in chronic hepatitis B combined nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
PMID 28033294 · DOI 10.1097/md.0000000000005763 · matched on "Tbeta4"
human-observational88none stated2016-12-01
HUMAN-TRIALAssociation of serum thymosin beta4 with malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis syndrome in peritoneal dialysis patients: a cross-sectional study.
PMID 37133832 · DOI 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2202761 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
human-observational76none stated2023-12-01
HUMAN-TRIALAssociation between serum thymosin beta4 levels of rheumatoid arthritis patients and disease activity and response to therapy.
PMID 22653616 · DOI 10.1007/s10067-012-2011-7 · matched on "Tbeta4"
human-observational40none stated2012-08-01
ANIMALActivation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4 during Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced keratitis.
PMID 39380984 · DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1458684 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2024-01-01
ANIMALMechanism of thymosin beta4 in ameliorating liver fibrosis via the MAPK/NF-kappaB pathway.
PMID 37211724 · DOI 10.1002/jbt.23338 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2023-07-01
ANIMALThymosin beta4 Protects against Cardiac Damage and Subsequent Cardiac Fibrosis in Mice with Myocardial Infarction.
PMID 35712678 · DOI 10.1155/2022/1308651 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2022-01-01
ANIMALAdjunctive Thymosin Beta-4 Treatment Influences MPhi Effector Cell Function to Improve Disease Outcome in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Keratitis.
PMID 34681676 · DOI 10.3390/ijms222011016 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2021-10-13
ANIMALThymosinbeta4 alleviates cholestatic liver fibrosis in mice through downregulating PDGF/PDGFR and TGFbeta/Smad pathways.
PMID 31542221 · DOI 10.1016/j.dld.2019.08.014 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2020-03-01
ANIMALFunctional inhibition of F11 receptor (F11R/junctional adhesion molecule-A/JAM-A) activity by a F11R-derived peptide in breast cancer and its microenvironment.
PMID 31650345 · DOI 10.1007/s10549-019-05471-x · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2020-01-01
ANIMALEffects of exogenous thymosin beta4 on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury and fibrosis.
PMID 28724974 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-017-06318-5 · matched on "TB4"
animal—none stated2017-07-19
ANIMALInhibitive effects of nickel chloride (NiCl(2)) on thymocytes.
PMID 25547965 · DOI 10.1007/s12011-014-0219-x · matched on "Thymosin β4"
animal—none stated2015-04-01
ANIMALThymosin beta4 reduces IL-17-producing cells and IL-17 expression, and protects lungs from damage in bleomycin-treated mice.
PMID 24613476 · DOI 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.02.001 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2014-06-01
ANIMALPro-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory regulation by functional peptides loaded in polymeric implants for soft tissue regeneration.
PMID 22953721 · DOI 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0158 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated2013-02-01
ANIMALProtective effects of thymosin beta4 in a mouse model of lung fibrosis.
PMID 23045972 · DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06694.x · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2012-10-01
ANIMALActin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4, induces paclitaxel resistance through ROS/HIF-1alpha stabilization in HeLa human cervical tumor cells.
PMID 20637781 · DOI 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.07.002 · matched on "TB4"
animal—none stated2010-08-28
ANIMAL[Hematopoietic inhibitors elaborated by bone marrow endothelial cells].
PMID 12513705 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated2002-12-01
ANIMALThymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury.
PMID 11950239 · DOI 10.1006/exer.2001.1125 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2002-02-01
ANIMALSyntheses of two deacetyl-thymosin beta4 analogs and their anti-inflammatory effect on carrageenin-induced edema in the mouse paw.
PMID 11405555 · DOI 10.1080/09629350120054563 · matched on "Thymosin β4"
animal—none stated2001-04-01
ANIMALAntitumor activity of a novel chimera tumor necrosis factor (TNF-STH) constructed by connecting rTNF-S with thymosin beta 4 against murine syngeneic tumors.
PMID 2043590 · DOI 10.1097/00002371-199104000-00004 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated1991-04-01
PRECLINICALRecombinant Human Thymosin beta4 Attenuates Endotoxemia-Induced ALI and EAE by Suppressing Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses.
PMID 42352234 · DOI 10.3390/biom16060766 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2026-05-22
PRECLINICALTbeta4-17 peptide enhances the chemo-sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to DDP by affecting NF-kappaB signaling pathway.
PMID 41205079 · DOI 10.1007/s12032-025-03106-4 · matched on "Tbeta4"
preclinical—none stated2025-11-08
PRECLINICALRecombinant Human Thymosin beta4 (rhTbeta4) Modulates the Anti-Inflammatory Responses to Alleviate Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC)-Induced Dry Eye Disease.
PMID 35628276 · DOI 10.3390/ijms23105458 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2022-05-13
PRECLINICALEctopic Expression of Human Thymosin beta4 Confers Resistance to Legionella pneumophila during Pulmonary and Systemic Infection in Mice.
PMID 33468581 · DOI 10.1128/iai.00735-20 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2021-03-17
PRECLINICALProgress on the Function and Application of Thymosin beta4.
PMID 34992578 · DOI 10.3389/fendo.2021.767785 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2021-01-01
PRECLINICALRecombinant Human Thymosin Beta-4 Protects against Mouse Coronavirus Infection.
PMID 33967626 · DOI 10.1155/2021/9979032 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2021-01-01
PRECLINICALThymosin‑beta 4 induces angiogenesis in critical limb ischemia mice via regulating Notch/NF‑kappaB pathway.
PMID 32945357 · DOI 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4701 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2020-10-01
PRECLINICALA new insight into thymosin beta4, a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative disorders.
PMID 31612500 · DOI 10.1002/jcp.29293 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2020-04-01
PRECLINICALThymosin-beta4: A key modifier of renal disease.
PMID 29727205 · DOI 10.1080/14712598.2018.1473371 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2018-07-01
PRECLINICALAnti-inflammatory potential of thymosin beta4 in the central nervous system: implications for progressive neurodegenerative diseases.
PMID 30063850 · DOI 10.1080/14712598.2018.1486817 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2018-07-01
PRECLINICALCharacterization of the Protein Components of Matrix Stones Sheds Light on S100-A8 and S100-A9 Relevance in the Inflammatory Pathogenesis of These Rare Renal Calculi.
PMID 27113968 · DOI 10.1016/j.juro.2016.04.064 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2016-09-01
PRECLINICALPlasma levels of F-actin and F:G-actin ratio as potential new biomarkers in patients with septic shock.
PMID 26754286 · DOI 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1126646 · matched on "TB4"
not determined—none stated2016-01-01
PRECLINICALFunction of Thymosin Beta-4 in Ethanol-Induced Microglial Activation.
PMID 27189760 · DOI 10.1159/000445578 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2016-01-01
PRECLINICALThymosin Beta-4 Suppresses Osteoclastic Differentiation and Inflammatory Responses in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells.
PMID 26789270 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0146708 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2016-01-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 inhibits microglia activation through microRNA 146a in neonatal rats following hypoxia injury.
PMID 26457369 · DOI 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000463 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2015-12-02
PRECLINICALEffect of butyrate on immune response of a chicken macrophage cell line.
PMID 25278494 · DOI 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.09.002 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2014-11-15
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 up-regulation of microRNA-146a promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and suppression of the Toll-like proinflammatory pathway.
PMID 24828499 · DOI 10.1074/jbc.m113.529966 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2014-07-11
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 and cardiac protection: implication in inflammation and fibrosis.
PMID 23045975 · DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06752.x · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2012-10-01
PRECLINICALNuclear Factor-kappaB: central regulator in ocular surface inflammation and diseases.
PMID 22814642 · DOI 10.1016/j.jtos.2012.04.001 · matched on "Thymosin β4"
not determined—none stated2012-07-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 inhibits TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation, IL-8 expression, and the sensitizing effects by its partners PINCH-1 and ILK.
PMID 21343177 · DOI 10.1096/fj.10-167940 · matched on "Tbeta4"
preclinical—none stated2011-06-01
PRECLINICALSignificance of thymosin beta4 and implication of PINCH-1-ILK-alpha-parvin (PIP) complex in human dilated cardiomyopathy.
PMID 21625516 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0020184 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2011-01-01
PRECLINICALAnimal studies with thymosin beta, a multifunctional tissue repair and regeneration peptide.
PMID 20536453 · DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05479.x · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2010-04-01
PRECLINICALElevation of intracellular cyclic AMP inhibits NF-kappaB-mediated thymosin beta4 expression in melanoma cells.
PMID 19500569 · DOI 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.05.024 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2009-11-15
PRECLINICALNano-scaled particles of titanium dioxide convert benign mouse fibrosarcoma cells into aggressive tumor cells.
PMID 19815711 · DOI 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080900 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2009-11-01
PRECLINICALThymosin Beta 4 is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer cells and stimulates proinflammatory cytokine secretion and JNK activation.
PMID 18094619 · DOI 10.4161/cbt.7.3.5415 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2008-03-01
PRECLINICALOcular surface expression and in vitro activity of antimicrobial peptides.
PMID 17852183 · DOI 10.1080/02713680701446653 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated2007-07-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta 4 suppression of corneal NFkappaB: a potential anti-inflammatory pathway.
PMID 17254567 · DOI 10.1016/j.exer.2006.12.004 · matched on "Tbeta4"
preclinical—none stated2007-04-01
PRECLINICALBinding of PAI-1 to endothelial cells stimulated by thymosin beta4 and modulation of their fibrinolytic potential.
PMID 16272158 · DOI 10.1074/jbc.m506303200 · matched on "Tbeta4"
preclinical—none stated2006-01-13
PRECLINICALSelective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce thymosin beta-4 and alter actin cytoskeletal organization in human colorectal cancer cells.
PMID 15292456 · DOI 10.1124/jpet.104.070664 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated2004-12-01
PRECLINICALSimultaneous analysis of 1176 gene products in normal human aorta and abdominal aortic aneurysms using a membrane-based complementary DNA expression array.
PMID 11436088 · DOI 10.1067/mva.2001.113310 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2001-07-01
PRECLINICALPositive and negative hematopoietic cytokines produced by bone marrow endothelial cells.
PMID 10880247 · DOI 10.1006/cyto.1999.0678 · matched on "Thymosin β4"
preclinical—none stated2000-07-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta 4 sulfoxide is an anti-inflammatory agent generated by monocytes in the presence of glucocorticoids.
PMID 10581087 · DOI 10.1038/71002 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1999-12-01
PRECLINICALComparison of the effects of AcSDKP, thymosin beta4, macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha and transforming growth factor beta on human leukemic cells.
PMID 9477130 · DOI 10.3109/10428199709058315 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated1997-11-01
PRECLINICALA novel thymosin peptide stimulates interleukin-6 release from rat C6 glioma cells in vitro.
PMID 9500150 · DOI 10.1159/000097334 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1997-05-01
PRECLINICALThymic regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
PMID 1618589 · DOI 10.1016/0192-0561(92)90164-g · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1992-04-01
PRECLINICAL[Biomolecules suppressing myelopoiesis].
PMID 1343739 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1992-01-01
PRECLINICALProduction in Escherichia coli of human thymosin beta 4 as chimeric protein with human tumor necrosis factor.
PMID 2669759 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1989-03-01

Rows are ordered by source hierarchy, so nothing below a regulatory filing appears above a human trial. A field marked uncertain is one where the extraction passes disagreed; it publishes as unknown rather than as a picked winner. A design reading “not determined” is a design nothing established, not a design of none. Explore the full corpus for Thymosin beta-4

Also collected, and not part of this grade

1 record · contributed nothing
SourceStudyDesignnBias flagsDate
ANIMALRGN-259 (thymosin beta4) improves clinically important dry eye efficacies in comparison with prescription drugs in a dry eye model.
PMID 30002412 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-018-28861-5 · matched on "RGN-259"
animal—none stated2018-07-12