Peptide Record

Thymosin beta-4 · Immune · graded 2026-07-30

Immune function

This grade describes how much evidence exists for Thymosin beta-4 against immune function — not whether it works, and not whether it is safe. It is computed from the inputs below by a fixed rule with no editorial adjustment.

Why this grade

Not hidden behind a control — showing the work is the point
Score decomposition — every input and its contribution
ComponentPointsScale
Best study type
The strongest design that produced evidence for this outcome, not the average design.
+2Human RCT 5 · Human observational 4 · Animal 2 · Preclinical 1 · None 0
Largest human sample
Largest single human study, not a pooled total across studies.
0n ≥ 200 → 3 · 50–199 → 2 · < 50 → 1 · no human study → 0
Independent replication
Distinct research groups at the best study tier above, resolved through author and institution records.
+3≥ 3 groups → 3 · 2 → 2 · 1 → 1 · 0 → 0
Directional consistency
Share of studies at the best study tier reporting effect in the same direction — the same studies the replication row counts, not every record on the pair.
Measured over 4 stated directions across 9 studies at the best tier. A ratio over three readings and the same ratio over ninety are the same number and are not the same evidence.
+3≥ 90% concordant → 3 · ≥ 70% → 2 · ≥ 50% → 1 · below → 0 · fewer than 3 readings → 0
Bias risk
A deduction, never a bonus. A flag is counted only where a record states one; silence is not a pass and is not a flag.
0−1 per flag, floor −3: industry funding · no preregistration · no blinding
Total8Sum of the rows above, floored at 0.
What the bias row had to work with — how many of this pair’s records disclosed each field at all
FieldFlag statedStated the oppositeNot statedSilent
industry_funded
industry-funded deducts a point; declared non-commercial does not; silence does neither.
0038100%
preregistered
not preregistered deducts a point; preregistered does not; silence does neither.
0038100%
blinded
not blinded deducts a point; blinded does not; silence does neither.
0038100%

Grade A additionally requires a total of at least 11 and replication of at least 2: a high score carried by one research group is not replicated evidence, however large the trial.

Doses administered in studies

Sourced figures, not a protocol

Studied doses — not yet collected

Dose, route and n are extracted from study full text, and full text is paywalled for most records in this corpus. No dose has been extracted for this pair yet. Read that as an extraction gap, not as evidence that the studies below administered nothing.

This is a gap in our collection, not a finding about studied doses. Read it as “we have not looked yet”, never as “there is nothing there”. How extraction works and where it fails

Cited sources

38 records · ordered by source hierarchy

These are the records the grade above was computed from — the same set, by the same rule, read from one definition shared with the grader. Records attributed to an alias for a materially different product are not among them; where this pair has any, they are listed separately below.

  • HUMAN-TRIAL1
  • ANIMAL9
  • PRECLINICAL28
SourceStudyDesignnBias flagsDate
HUMAN-TRIALModulation of thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 levels and peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets during experimental rhinovirus colds.
PMID 2572736 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
human-observational38none stated1989-01-01
ANIMALActivation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4 during Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced keratitis.
PMID 39380984 · DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1458684 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2024-01-01
ANIMALThymosin beta-4 participate in antibacterial immunity and wound healing in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon.
PMID 37689229 · DOI 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109065 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2023-10-01
ANIMALThymosin beta4 is involved in the antimicrobial immune response of Golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus.
PMID 28803959 · DOI 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.006 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated2017-10-01
ANIMALA thymosin beta-4 is involved in production of hemocytes and immune defense of Hong Kong oyster, Crassostrea hongkongensis.
PMID 26695126 · DOI 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.007 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2016-04-01
ANIMALThymosin beta4 promotes oligodendrogenesis in the demyelinating central nervous system.
PMID 26805386 · DOI 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.01.010 · matched on "Tbeta4"
animal—none stated2016-04-01
ANIMALDifferential expression in lung and bronchial lymph node of pigs with high and low responses to infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.
PMID 18641179 · DOI 10.2527/jas.2007-0685 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated2008-12-01
ANIMALInfluences of surgical castration on the thymus of male rats.
PMID 10530759 · DOI 10.1016/s0165-0378(99)00006-6 · matched on "Thymosin β4"
animal—none stated1999-09-01
ANIMALDistribution of a negative regulator of haematopoietic stem cell proliferation (AcSDKP) and thymosin beta 4 in mouse tissues.
PMID 1915845 · DOI 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81062-d · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated1991-09-09
ANIMALEnzyme immunoassay measurement of thymosin beta 4.
PMID 3305577 · DOI 10.1080/15321818708057022 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
animal—none stated1987-01-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta(4) and beta(10) in Sjogren's syndrome: saliva proteomics and minor salivary glands expression.
PMID 27716395 · DOI 10.1186/s13075-016-1134-7 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined61none stated2016-10-06
PRECLINICALModulation of cellular gene expression of HIV type 1 infection as determined by subtractive hybridization cloning: downregulation of thymosin beta 4 in vitro and in vivo.
PMID 7888207 · DOI 10.1089/aid.1994.10.1525 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical5none stated1994-11-01
PRECLINICALSynthesis of calf thymosin beta 4 fragment 16-38 and its effect on the impaired blastogenic response of T-lymphocytes of a uremic patient with pneumonia.
PMID 3501734 · DOI 10.1248/cpb.35.3757 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical1none stated1987-09-01
PRECLINICALSmall Spleen Peptides (SSPs) Shape Dendritic Cell Differentiation through Modulation of Extracellular ATP Synthesis Profile.
PMID 38672485 · DOI 10.3390/biom14040469 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2024-04-11
PRECLINICALIntrinsic, Functional, and Structural Properties of beta-Thymosins and beta-Thymosin/WH2 Domains in the Regulation and Coordination of Actin Self-Assembly Dynamics and Cytoskeleton Remodeling.
PMID 27450729 · DOI 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.006 · matched on "Thymosin β4"
not determined—none stated2016-01-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta4 induces angiogenesis through Notch signaling in endothelial cells.
PMID 23749167 · DOI 10.1007/s11010-013-1713-8 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2013-09-01
PRECLINICALPretreatment with lipopolysaccharide modulates innate immunity in corneal fibroblasts challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus.
PMID 20305039 · DOI 10.1177/1753425910365364 · matched on "Tbeta4"
preclinical—none stated2011-02-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta 4 enhances NK cell cytotoxicity mediated by ICAM-1.
PMID 19369144 · DOI 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.02.008 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated2009-03-24
PRECLINICALAcute electrical stimulation of nucleus ambiguus enhances immune function in rats.
PMID 18973060 · DOI 10.1017/s0317167100009094 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2008-09-01
PRECLINICALThymosin-alpha1 modulates dendritic cell differentiation and functional maturation from human peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes.
PMID 17532057 · DOI 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.04.007 · matched on "Tbeta4"
not determined—none stated2007-06-15
PRECLINICALA novel HLA-A*3303-restricted minor histocompatibility antigen encoded by an unconventional open reading frame of human TMSB4Y gene.
PMID 15557202 · DOI 10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.7046 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated2004-12-01
PRECLINICALUse of ProteinChip array surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) to identify thymosin beta-4, a differentially secreted protein from lymphoblastoid cell lines.
PMID 12837598 · DOI 10.1016/s1044-0305(03)00265-4 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated2003-07-01
PRECLINICALCloning expression in E.coli and biological activity of human thymosin beta(4).
PMID 12098776 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated2002-07-01
PRECLINICALTranscript levels of thymosin beta 4, an actin-sequestering peptide, in cell proliferation.
PMID 8452879 · DOI 10.1016/0167-4889(93)90177-q · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated1993-03-10
PRECLINICALMalignant thymoma associated with T-cell lymphocytosis. A case report with immunophenotypic and gene rearrangement analysis.
PMID 8382915 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1993-03-01
PRECLINICALEquine leukocyte elastase inhibitor. Primary structure and identification as a thymosin-binding protein.
PMID 1551869 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1992-04-05
PRECLINICALCell-cycle-regulated expression of thymosin beta 4 in thymocytes.
PMID 1712726 · DOI 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16118.x · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1991-07-15
PRECLINICALRapid induction of thymosin beta 4 in concanavalin A-stimulated thymocytes by translational control.
PMID 2394730 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1990-09-15
PRECLINICALThymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 modulate human colonic lamina propria lymphocyte function.
PMID 2266003 · DOI 10.1016/0162-3109(90)90011-3 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated1990-09-01
PRECLINICALSynthesis of a thymosin beta 4-like peptide, thymosin beta Met9, and its effect on low E-rosette-forming lymphocytes of lupus nephritis patients.
PMID 2279297 · DOI 10.1248/cpb.38.2301 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1990-08-01
PRECLINICALPhytohemagglutin-stimulated human T cell: prothymosin alpha as an accessory signal.
PMID 2399834 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated1990-01-01
PRECLINICALThymosin-beta 4 gene. Preliminary characterization and expression in tissues, thymic cells, and lymphocytes.
PMID 2677145 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1989-10-15
PRECLINICALThymosins alpha 1 and beta 4 potentiate the antigen-presenting capacity of macrophages.
PMID 2807872 · DOI 10.1016/0162-3109(89)90063-5 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1989-09-01
PRECLINICALDifferential expression of the human thymosin-beta 4 gene in lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes.
PMID 3500230 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated1987-12-01
PRECLINICALThe role of the thymus-hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis in normal immune processes and autoimmunity.
PMID 3323509 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1987-10-01
PRECLINICALImmunoregulatory effects of fraction 5 thymus peptides. I. Thymosin alpha 1 enhances while thymosin beta 4 suppresses the human autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction.
PMID 2954929 · DOI 10.1016/0162-3109(87)90050-6 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated1987-04-01
PRECLINICALEffect of two thymosin fraction 5 polypeptides on human peripheral blood lymphocytes.
PMID 2893819 · DOI 10.3109/08923978709035222 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
preclinical—none stated1987-01-01
PRECLINICALThymosin beta 4 is a shared antigen between lymphoid cells and oligodendrocytes of normal human brain.
PMID 3085577 · DOI 10.1002/ana.410190407 · matched on "Thymosin beta 4"
not determined—none stated1986-04-01

Rows are ordered by source hierarchy, so nothing below a regulatory filing appears above a human trial. A field marked uncertain is one where the extraction passes disagreed; it publishes as unknown rather than as a picked winner. A design reading “not determined” is a design nothing established, not a design of none. Explore the full corpus for Thymosin beta-4