Peptide Record

Bremelanotide · Endocrine · graded 2026-07-30

Sexual function & libido

This grade describes how much evidence exists for Bremelanotide against sexual function & libido — not whether it works, and not whether it is safe. It is computed from the inputs below by a fixed rule with no editorial adjustment.

Why this grade

Not hidden behind a control — showing the work is the point
Score decomposition — every input and its contribution
ComponentPointsScale
Best study type
The strongest design that produced evidence for this outcome, not the average design.
+5Human RCT 5 · Human observational 4 · Animal 2 · Preclinical 1 · None 0
Largest human sample
Largest single human study, not a pooled total across studies.
+3n ≥ 200 → 3 · 50–199 → 2 · < 50 → 1 · no human study → 0
Independent replication
Distinct research groups at the best study tier above, resolved through author and institution records.
+3≥ 3 groups → 3 · 2 → 2 · 1 → 1 · 0 → 0
Directional consistency
Share of studies at the best study tier reporting effect in the same direction — the same studies the replication row counts, not every record on the pair.
Measured over 2 stated directions across 19 studies at the best tier. A ratio over three readings and the same ratio over ninety are the same number and are not the same evidence.
0≥ 90% concordant → 3 · ≥ 70% → 2 · ≥ 50% → 1 · below → 0 · fewer than 3 readings → 0
Bias risk
A deduction, never a bonus. A flag is counted only where a record states one; silence is not a pass and is not a flag.
-2−1 per flag, floor −3: industry funding · no preregistration · no blinding
Total9Sum of the rows above, floored at 0.
What the bias row had to work with — how many of this pair’s records disclosed each field at all
FieldFlag statedStated the oppositeNot statedSilent
industry_funded
industry-funded deducts a point; declared non-commercial does not; silence does neither.
506092%
preregistered
not preregistered deducts a point; preregistered does not; silence does neither.
245991%
blinded
not blinded deducts a point; blinded does not; silence does neither.
075889%

Grade A additionally requires a total of at least 11 and replication of at least 2: a high score carried by one research group is not replicated evidence, however large the trial.

Doses administered in studies

Sourced figures, not a protocol

Studied doses — not yet collected

Dose, route and n are extracted from study full text, and full text is paywalled for most records in this corpus. No dose has been extracted for this pair yet. Read that as an extraction gap, not as evidence that the studies below administered nothing.

This is a gap in our collection, not a finding about studied doses. Read it as “we have not looked yet”, never as “there is nothing there”. How extraction works and where it fails

Cited sources

65 records · ordered by source hierarchy

These are the records the grade above was computed from — the same set, by the same rule, read from one definition shared with the grader. Records attributed to an alias for a materially different product are not among them; where this pair has any, they are listed separately below.

  • HUMAN-TRIAL19
  • ANIMAL2
  • PRECLINICAL44
SourceStudyDesignnBias flagsDate
HUMAN-TRIAL1. Study to Evaluate the Efficacy/Safety of Bremelanotide in Premenopausal Women With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
NCT02333071 · matched on "PT-141"
human-rct723industry-funded—
HUMAN-TRIAL2. Study to Evaluate the Efficacy/Safety of Bremelanotide in Premenopausal Women With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
NCT02338960 · matched on "PT-141"
human-rct714industry-funded—
HUMAN-TRIALBremelanotide in Premenopausal Women With Female Sexual Arousal Disorder and/or Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
NCT01382719 · matched on "PT-141"
human-rct612industry-funded—
HUMAN-TRIALSalvage of sildenafil failures with bremelanotide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study.
PMID 18206919 · DOI 10.1016/j.juro.2007.10.063 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
human-rct342none stated2008-03-01
HUMAN-TRIALBremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-finding trial.
PMID 27181790 · DOI 10.2217/whe-2016-0018 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
human-rct327none stated2016-06-01
HUMAN-TRIALA Phase 3, Bridging, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneously Administered Bremelanotide in Premenopausal Women With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (With or Without Decreased Arousal)
NCT04943068 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
human-rct193industry-funded, not preregistered—
HUMAN-TRIALRole of the Melanocortin-4 Receptor in Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
NCT04179734 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
human-rct40industry-funded, not preregistered—
HUMAN-TRIALGap in Sexual Dysfunction Management Between Male and Female Patients Seen in Primary Care: An Observational Study.
PMID 39231849 · DOI 10.1007/s11606-024-09004-1 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
human-observational—none stated2025-03-01
HUMAN-TRIALPrespecified and Integrated Subgroup Analyses from the RECONNECT Phase 3 Studies of Bremelanotide.
PMID 35230162 · DOI 10.1089/jwh.2021.0225 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
human-rct—none stated2022-03-01
HUMAN-TRIALSafety Profile of Bremelanotide Across the Clinical Development Program.
PMID 35147466 · DOI 10.1089/jwh.2021.0191 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
human-rct—none stated2022-02-01
HUMAN-TRIALThe Patient Experience of Premenopausal Women Treated with Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: RECONNECT Exit Study Results.
PMID 33538638 · DOI 10.1089/jwh.2020.8460 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
human-rct—none stated2021-04-01
HUMAN-TRIALBremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials.
PMID 31599840 · DOI 10.1097/aog.0000000000003500 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
human-rct—none stated2019-11-01
HUMAN-TRIALResponder Analyses from a Phase 2b Dose-Ranging Study of Bremelanotide.
PMID 31277966 · DOI 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.05.012 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
human-rct—none stated2019-08-01
HUMAN-TRIALRETRACTED: Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of bremelanotide, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in female subjects with arousal disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled, fixed dose, randomized study.
PMID 18179455 · DOI 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00698.x · matched on "Bremelanotide"
human-rct—none stated2008-04-01
HUMAN-TRIALAn effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist.
PMID 16839319 · DOI 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00268.x · matched on "PT 141"
human-rct—none stated2006-07-01
HUMAN-TRIALCo-administration of low doses of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, and sildenafil to men with erectile dysfunction results in an enhanced erectile response.
PMID 15833522 · DOI 10.1016/j.urology.2004.10.060 · matched on "PT 141"
human-rct—none stated2005-04-01
HUMAN-TRIALEvaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneously administered PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy male subjects and in patients with an inadequate response to Viagra.
PMID 14999221 · DOI 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901200 · matched on "PT 141"
human-rct—none stated2004-04-01
HUMAN-TRIALDouble-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacodynamic effects of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy males and patients with mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunction.
PMID 14963471 · DOI 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901139 · matched on "PT 141"
human-rct—none stated2004-02-01
HUMAN-TRIALPT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction.
PMID 12851303 · DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03167.x · matched on "PT 141"
human-observational—none stated2003-06-01
ANIMALBremelanotide: an overview of preclinical CNS effects on female sexual function.
PMID 17958619 · DOI 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00610.x · matched on "Bremelanotide"
animal—none stated2007-11-01
ANIMALSelective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist.
PMID 15226502 · DOI 10.1073/pnas.0400491101 · matched on "PT 141"
animal—none stated2004-07-06
PRECLINICALStrategies for Treating Sexual Health Concerns After Breast and Gynecologic Cancer.
PMID 41419078 · DOI 10.1016/j.jmig.2025.12.021 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2026-07-01
PRECLINICALQuantification of "Mercy Sex" in Heterosexual Women.
PMID 42144994 · DOI 10.1080/0092623x.2026.2651862 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2026-01-01
PRECLINICALFemale Sexual Desire, Arousal, and Orgasmic Dysfunctions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Treatment Options.
PMID 40543759 · DOI 10.1016/j.jmig.2025.06.004 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2026-01-01
PRECLINICALPractical considerations and emerging approaches for the management of vasomotor and sexual symptoms in breast cancer patients on endocrine therapies.
PMID 41088800 · DOI 10.1080/17512433.2025.2573780 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2025-10-01
PRECLINICAL2024 SOGC, 2024 NCCN, 2022 ESO-ESMO, and 2018 ASCO: a comparison of female cancer survivorship guidelines for the management of sexual health concerns.
PMID 40518469 · DOI 10.1007/s00520-025-09640-1 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2025-06-15
PRECLINICALNovel Pharmacologic Treatments of Female Sexual Dysfunction.
PMID 39846877 · DOI 10.1097/grf.0000000000000922 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2025-03-01
PRECLINICALPharmacotherapy of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Premenopausal Women.
PMID 38767282 · DOI 10.1177/10600280241253273 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2025-02-01
PRECLINICALSmall Effects, Questionable Outcomes: Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.
PMID 36809187 · DOI 10.1080/00224499.2023.2175192 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2024-05-01
PRECLINICALWhat Women Want? The State of the Art regarding the Treatment of Young Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.
PMID 38151009 · DOI 10.1159/000535587 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2024-01-01
PRECLINICALPharmacotherapy for female sexual dysfunctions (FSDs): what is on the market and where is this field heading?
PMID 35430926 · DOI 10.1080/14656566.2022.2066997 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2023-01-01
PRECLINICALPharmacologic therapeutic options for sexual dysfunction.
PMID 36036468 · DOI 10.1097/gco.0000000000000821 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2022-12-01
PRECLINICALFemale sexual dysfunctions: an overview on the available therapeutic interventions.
PMID 35147017 · DOI 10.23736/s2724-606x.22.04966-1 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2022-06-01
PRECLINICALThe neurobiology of bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.
PMID 33455598 · DOI 10.1017/s109285292100002x · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2022-06-01
PRECLINICALMedical Treatment of Female Sexual Dysfunction.
PMID 35428435 · DOI 10.1016/j.ucl.2022.02.001 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2022-05-01
PRECLINICALPharmacotherapy for Sexual Dysfunction in Women.
PMID 35102537 · DOI 10.1007/s11920-022-01322-7 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2022-02-01
PRECLINICALHypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women: Physiology, Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment.
PMID 34510696 · DOI 10.1111/jmwh.13283 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2021-11-01
PRECLINICALFailure of a Meta-analysis: A Commentary on Glen Spielmans's "Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for 'Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women'".
PMID 33835907 · DOI 10.1080/00224499.2021.1902926 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2021-11-01
PRECLINICALRe-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for "Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder" in Women.
PMID 33678061 · DOI 10.1080/00224499.2021.1885601 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2021-11-01
PRECLINICALManagement of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in transgender women: a guide for clinicians.
PMID 33558671 · DOI 10.1038/s41443-021-00409-8 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2020-11-01
PRECLINICALFemale Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A Practical Guide to Causes, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment.
PMID 32460605 · DOI 10.1089/jwh.2019.7865 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2020-08-01
PRECLINICALBoosting Female Sexual Response by RECONNECTing the Dots.
PMID 31599837 · DOI 10.1097/aog.0000000000003534 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2019-11-01
PRECLINICALLong-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.
PMID 31599847 · DOI 10.1097/aog.0000000000003514 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2019-11-01
PRECLINICALNew Drug for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Premenopausal Women.
PMID 31567244 · DOI 10.1097/01.naj.0000586140.72896.b0 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2019-10-01
PRECLINICALExpert opinion on existing and developing drugs to treat female sexual dysfunction.
PMID 30251897 · DOI 10.1080/14728214.2018.1527901 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2018-09-01
PRECLINICALFemale Sexual Dysfunction and the Placebo Effect: A Meta-analysis.
PMID 29995725 · DOI 10.1097/aog.0000000000002733 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2018-08-01
PRECLINICALEffect Size in Efficacy Trials of Women With Decreased Sexual Desire.
PMID 29576442 · DOI 10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.01.003 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2018-07-01
PRECLINICALUnderstanding the Role of Serotonin in Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder and Treatment Options.
PMID 29198512 · DOI 10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.10.068 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2017-12-01
PRECLINICALSexual arousal: Sex matters.
PMID 28976951 · DOI 10.1038/550s2a · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2017-10-04
PRECLINICALRe: Bremelanotide for Female Sexual Dysfunctions in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Dose-Finding Trial.
PMID 27751477 · DOI 10.1016/j.juro.2016.08.063 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2016-11-01
PRECLINICALThe Female Sexual Response: Current Models, Neurobiological Underpinnings and Agents Currently Approved or Under Investigation for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.
PMID 26519340 · DOI 10.1007/s40263-015-0288-1 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2015-11-01
PRECLINICALDrugs in early clinical development for the treatment of female sexual dysfunction.
PMID 25376023 · DOI 10.1517/13543784.2015.978283 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2015-02-01
PRECLINICALMelanocortin receptor agonists in the treatment of male and female sexual dysfunctions: results from basic research and clinical studies.
PMID 25096243 · DOI 10.1517/13543784.2014.934805 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2014-11-01
PRECLINICAL[2013 annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health (ISSWSH), 28 February-3 March 2013, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. State of pharmacologial research in Women's Sexual Medicine: From testosterone to bremelatonide].
PMID 23647819 · DOI 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2013.04.003 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2013-05-01
PRECLINICALCentral nervous system agents and erectile dysfunction.
PMID 21621083 · DOI 10.1016/j.ucl.2011.03.006 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2011-05-01
PRECLINICALPreclinical effects of melanocortins in male sexual dysfunction.
PMID 18552829 · DOI 10.1038/ijir.2008.17 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2008-07-01
PRECLINICALClinical applications of centrally acting agents in male sexual dysfunction.
PMID 18552830 · DOI 10.1038/ijir.2008.18 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2008-07-01
PRECLINICALCentral nervous system-acting agents and the treatment of erectile and sexual dysfunction.
PMID 18042327 · DOI 10.1007/s11934-007-0051-3 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2007-11-01
PRECLINICALClinical application of CNS-acting agents in FSD.
PMID 17958620 · DOI 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00611.x · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2007-11-01
PRECLINICALPharmaceutical aphrodisia.
PMID 17722370 · DOI 10.2174/156802607780906582 · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2007-01-01
PRECLINICALMelanocortin receptors, melanotropic peptides and penile erection.
PMID 17584130 · matched on "PT 141"
not determined—none stated2007-01-01
PRECLINICALMelanocortins in the treatment of male and female sexual dysfunction.
PMID 17584134 · DOI 10.2174/156802607780906681 · matched on "PT 141"
not determined—none stated2007-01-01
PRECLINICALControl of penile erection by the melanocortinergic system: experimental evidences and therapeutic perspectives.
PMID 15292097 · DOI 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02842.x · matched on "Bremelanotide"
not determined—none stated2004-09-01
PRECLINICALPT-141 Palatin.
PMID 15134289 · matched on "PT 141"
not determined—none stated2004-04-01
PRECLINICAL[Therapy of erectile dysfunction in 2005].
PMID 14569381 · DOI 10.1007/s00120-003-0418-0 · matched on "PT 141"
not determined—none stated2003-10-01

Rows are ordered by source hierarchy, so nothing below a regulatory filing appears above a human trial. A field marked uncertain is one where the extraction passes disagreed; it publishes as unknown rather than as a picked winner. A design reading “not determined” is a design nothing established, not a design of none. Explore the full corpus for Bremelanotide

Also collected, and not part of this grade

6 records · contributed nothing
SourceStudyDesignnBias flagsDate
ANIMALFemale Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
PMID 39793696 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110299 · matched on "Vyleesi"
animal—none stated2025-04-01
PRECLINICALAn evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
PMID 36242769 · DOI 10.1080/14656566.2022.2132144 · matched on "Vyleesi"
not determined—none stated2023-01-01
PRECLINICALBremelanotide and flibanserin for low sexual desire in women: the fallacy of regulatory precedent.
PMID 34642243 · DOI 10.1136/dtb.2021.000020 · matched on "Vyleesi"
not determined—none stated2021-12-01
PRECLINICALBremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.
PMID 31893927 · DOI 10.1177/1060028019899152 · matched on "Vyleesi"
not determined—none stated2020-07-01
PRECLINICALBremelanotide: First Approval.
PMID 31429064 · DOI 10.1007/s40265-019-01187-w · matched on "Vyleesi"
not determined—industry-funded2019-09-01
PRECLINICALBremelanotide (Vyleesi) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
PMID 31381550 · matched on "Vyleesi"
not determined—none stated2019-07-29